The Art of Seeing

The Art of Seeing: How Master Storytellers Hone Their Craft Through Observation and Practice

In a world saturated with noise, the ability to truly see—both literally and metaphorically—has become a rare and invaluable skill. For master storytellers, seeing goes beyond the mere act of looking. It’s about noticing details, patterns, and connections that others might overlook and transforming them into narratives that resonate and linger in the minds of an audience. This skill isn’t innate; it’s cultivated through deliberate practice, reflection, and a deep curiosity about the human experience.

Observation: The Cornerstone of Storytelling

At the heart of every compelling story lies a sharp eye for detail. Whether through words, photographs, or film, storytellers use observation to uncover the extraordinary in the ordinary. Master storytellers train themselves to notice the flicker of emotion in someone’s eyes, the interplay of light and shadow in a quiet room, or the rhythm of footsteps on a bustling street. These seemingly insignificant moments are the raw material for narratives that feel authentic and emotionally rich.

To hone their craft, storytellers engage in practices that heighten their observational skills. Slowing down is often the first step. In today’s fast-paced world, distractions—phones, emails, and the endless stream of content—blind us to what’s right in front of us. Walking without headphones, sitting quietly in a park, or simply pausing to take in a scene allows storytellers to engage their senses fully. They tune in to the sounds of overlapping conversations, the subtle variations in color and texture, and the way light changes over the course of a day.

The Practice of Seeing

Master storytellers often carry journals to document their observations. This practice sharpens their ability to notice and articulate details. For instance, noting how a neighborhood shifts from the quiet of dawn to the buzz of midday and the calm of evening reveals not only the passage of time but also the essence of a place. Sketching, photographing, or writing about these changes trains storytellers to see patterns and relationships that deepen their work.

Exercises like observing a busy street corner or a food court teach storytellers to notice movement, interaction, and atmosphere. How do people pause, linger, or brush past one another? What do their gestures, postures, and expressions reveal about their moods or relationships? By asking these questions, storytellers learn to weave small observations into rich, textured narratives.

Learning from the Masters

Even the most skilled storytellers draw inspiration and lessons from others. They study the techniques of master writers, photographers, and filmmakers to understand how small details build emotional and narrative depth. For instance, a writer might analyze how a favorite author describes a setting to create mood and tone, or a filmmaker might study the use of shadows and framing in a classic movie scene.

Some storytellers take this learning further by replicating the techniques of others. A photographer might attempt to emulate the lighting style of a renowned artist, not to copy their work but to better understand how it shapes emotion and focus. Similarly, a writer might rewrite a beloved passage, experimenting with different details to see how they affect the story’s impact.

Turning Observation Into Stories

The power of observation lies in its application. In writing, rich descriptions replace generic phrases, immersing readers in vivid worlds. A simple sunset becomes a symphony of colors and shadows that reflects a character’s inner turmoil. In photography, a peeling wall or the reflection in a puddle becomes a metaphor for resilience or nostalgia. In filmmaking, background elements—like the flicker of a neon sign or the clutter on a character’s desk—add layers of meaning to a scene.

Master storytellers also pay attention to time. Documenting a single location at different hours reveals how light, activity, and mood transform a space. Morning might bring softness and stillness, while evening introduces bold contrasts and lively energy. These temporal shifts add authenticity and depth to their stories.

Observation as a Lifelong Practice

What sets master storytellers apart is their commitment to lifelong observation. They don’t wait for inspiration; they seek it in the world around them. They look for stories in the mundane, the overlooked, and the fleeting. Whether sitting on a park bench, watching the ebb and flow of people, or listening to the cadence of conversations in a café, they remain attuned to the world’s rhythms and nuances.

Storytelling isn’t just about what’s seen—it’s about what’s felt and understood. The flicker of recognition in a stranger’s eyes, the way shadows dance on a wall at dusk, or the subtle tension in a crowded room—all these moments hold potential for connection and meaning.

The Power of Stories Built on Observation

The ability to see and translate observations into stories is what sets great storytellers apart. In an age of constant content, stories rooted in sharp observation stand out. They connect on a deeper level, evoking emotions and painting vivid pictures that linger long after the final word or frame.

The next time you find yourself in a familiar space, pause. Look closer. There’s always a story waiting to be discovered. Master storytellers know this truth, and they embrace it with curiosity and intent. By sharpening your ability to see, you not only enrich your creative work but also deepen your connection to the intricate tapestry of life itself.

Exercises to Practice Observation Skills for Writing

1. Detail Journaling: Spend 15 minutes in a location (park, café, bus stop) and write down every detail you notice: colors, sounds, smells, and textures. Focus on sensory specifics rather than general descriptions.
   

2. Character Sketches: Observe a stranger and write a brief character profile. Imagine their backstory, motivations, and emotions based on their body language, clothing, or actions.
   

3. One-Object Story: Choose a random object (e.g., a coffee mug or an old photograph) and describe it in detail. Then, write a story where the object plays a significant role.
   

4. Scene Evolution: Observe a location at three different times of the day (morning, afternoon, and night). Note how the atmosphere, lighting, and interactions change over time.
   

5. Dialogue Snippets: Eavesdrop (respectfully) on snippets of conversation in public places. Write down fragments and imagine the context or extend the dialogue into a full scene.
   

6. Word-Painting Exercise: Take a photograph or painting and describe it vividly using only words. Focus on capturing the mood, details, and essence of the image.
   

7. Five-Sense Challenge: Spend time in a setting and document at least one observation for each of the five senses. Push yourself to notice subtle or overlooked sensory details.
   

8. Reverse Perspectives: Write a scene from two different perspectives. For example, describe a market from the view of a customer and then from the perspective of a vendor.
   

9. Emotion Mapping: Watch people’s faces in a public space and note their emotions. Write down how subtle shifts in expression (a raised eyebrow, a slight frown) communicate feelings.
   

10. Walk and Write: Go for a 10-minute walk and write about everything you noticed upon your return. Challenge yourself to remember small details like street signs, sounds, or peculiarities.

Exercises to Practice Observation Skills for Photography and Video

1. Light Study: Spend an hour observing how light interacts with a subject. Photograph the same object at different times of the day to capture changes in mood, shadow, and texture.
   

2. Composition Walks: Choose a compositional theme (e.g., symmetry, leading lines, or contrast) and take photos that focus exclusively on that element during a walk.
   

3. Texture Hunt: Photograph a series of textures (e.g., peeling paint, rough stone, smooth glass) and experiment with how framing and angles emphasize their qualities.
   

4. Micro to Macro: Choose a single subject and photograph it from varying distances and perspectives. Capture its details up close, then step back for a wider context.
   

5. Silent Video Observation: Shoot a short silent video in one location. Focus on capturing the mood and story using only visuals, such as movement, light, and framing.
   

6. Shadow and Silhouette Challenge: Look for opportunities to capture shadows or silhouettes in your environment. Experiment with angles and contrast to create dramatic effects.
   

7. Time-Lapse Observation: Create a time-lapse video of a space over an hour or a day. Notice and document how activity, light, and atmosphere shift during that period.
   

8. Reflections and Frames: Find reflections (in water, mirrors, or windows) and use them to frame or enhance your composition. Experiment with how they distort or emphasize your subject.
   

9. Story in 5 Shots: Tell a complete story using only five photos or video clips. Plan the sequence carefully: establish context, introduce a character, and resolve a narrative.
   

10. Color Focus: Choose a single color and document how it appears in your environment. Use photography or video to highlight how it creates harmony or contrast within a scene.
    

By consistently practicing these exercises, writers and visual storytellers can sharpen their ability to observe and translate the world around them into evocative narratives.

About the Author

John Bulmer is a photographer, filmmaker, storyteller, and photo historian based in Saratoga, New York. Through his ventures, John Bulmer Photography and Nor’easter Films, John specializes in creating compelling commercial and editorial photography, as well as impactful video projects. His work has been featured in numerous publications, including The New York Times.

A seasoned photojournalist, John is also the founder of Adirondack Mountain News, a platform providing comprehensive reporting on wilderness conservation, regional history, and outdoor advocacy. His photography and writing often emphasize the intersection of creativity and environmental stewardship, advocating for sustainable practices and the protection of fragile ecosystems.

John’s dedication to the art of storytelling extends to public speaking and education, where he collaborates with institutions like Columbia University and photography societies to share his expertise in crafting visual narratives and working in challenging environments.

When not behind the lens, John is actively involved in the wilderness and search-and-rescue community, serving as a public information officer and advocate for outdoor safety and accessibility.

Adirondack Mountain News | John Bulmer Media | John Bulmer Photography | Nor’easter Films

Image: Christopher Burns/Unsplash
@2024 John Bulmer Media, John Bulmer Photography and Nor’easter Films. All Rights Reserved.

The Art of Storytelling in Photo, Film, and Writing Projects

The Art of Storytelling in Photo, Film, and Writing Projects
By John Bulmer

The heart of any impactful photo, film, or writing project lies in the story it tells. A strong narrative not only engages  audiences but also infuses the work with purpose, emotion, and resonance. For me as a content creator and Nor’easter Films, the creative process begins not with a camera or keyboard, but with an idea—a seed nurtured through research, exploration, and imaginative development until it blossoms into a fully realized narrative. Below, we delve deeper into the intricate process of identifying stories, researching them, and building a compelling foundation for storytelling in various creative mediums.

Identifying Stories

The foundation of storytelling is the ability to see a story where others might see only mundane details. Stories surround us—they’re embedded in people’s lives, cultural traditions, historical milestones, and even the natural world. Identifying a story begins with cultivating a mindset of curiosity and attentiveness.

Looking for potential stories and content should be part of your daily routine. It is not a task reserved for certain moments of inspiration but a constant process of engaging with the world around you. Every interaction, observation, or fleeting thought could hold the seed of a narrative. By consistently observing, questioning, and reflecting, you train your mind to recognize moments of beauty, tension, or meaning that might otherwise go unnoticed.

As you navigate your busy life, keep these principles in mind:

• Stay Curious: Approach the world with a sense of wonder, even in the smallest things. Pay attention to the conversations you overhear, the rhythms of a crowded street, or the changing light at dusk. Curiosity sharpens your focus and expands your awareness of potential narratives.

• Be Open to Surprise: Some of the most compelling stories come from unexpected places. Be willing to explore ideas or subjects that initially seem outside your comfort zone or area of expertise. The unfamiliar often carries untapped potential.

• Carry Tools for Capture: Inspiration can strike at any moment. Keep a journal, sketchbook, or smartphone handy to document your thoughts, take quick photos, or record audio snippets. These fragments can later serve as the foundation for deeper exploration. For me, writing, photo, and film tools are constant companions whenever I’m out in the world.

• Connect with People: Every person has a story to tell. Whether it’s a brief encounter with a stranger or a deep conversation with a friend, engage with those around you. The insights you gain can spark ideas that go beyond individual experiences to reveal universal themes.

• Challenge Yourself: As you move through your day, challenge yourself to ask why certain things happen or what if they were different. This mental exercise can uncover layers of meaning and help you reframe the ordinary into something extraordinary.

By embedding this approach into your daily routine, you transform your busy life into fertile ground for storytelling. The stories you discover and develop will not only reflect your unique perspective but also connect with audiences in ways that are fresh, authentic, and deeply engaging.

Here are some ways to frame your observations to help kickstart your creative process that has worked for me:

• Follow Your Passion: Start by examining your own interests and what moves you on a personal level. Whether it’s social justice, environmental issues, or the everyday beauty of human connection, a story you feel deeply connected to will naturally resonate in your work.

• Explore Underrepresented Narratives: Seek out perspectives that have been overlooked or misunderstood. Underrepresented voices often carry a depth of emotion and richness that provide a fresh lens for storytelling. Whether it’s a marginalized community or a little-known historical figure, these narratives carry inherent value.

• Engage with the World Around You: The best storytellers are also great observers. Pay attention to the small moments that unfold in daily life—a chance encounter on a crowded street, a handwritten note in a library book, or the rhythm of life in a quiet town. These fleeting details often contain the seeds of a compelling narrative.

• Be Inspired by the Past and Present: Historical archives, personal letters, and photographs can open a window into the lives of people and events long past. Similarly, contemporary events—political movements, cultural shifts, and natural phenomena—can spark ideas that reflect the zeitgeist of the current moment.

• Collaborate and Listen: Often, the most profound story ideas emerge from conversations. Reach out to people from various walks of life and ask them about their experiences, challenges, and triumphs. Listen closely, and you’ll find moments of vulnerability and resilience that demand to be shared.

• Keep a Creative Repository: Build a habit of documenting ideas, no matter how fleeting. Maintain a journal, a digital folder, or a mood board where you collect fragments of inspiration. These snippets—quotes, sketches, photos, or observations—can later serve as the spark for a full-fledged narrative.

Laying the Groundwork: Research and Immersion

Once you’ve identified a potential story, the next step is to delve deeply into its world. Research and immersion go beyond gathering facts; they’re about understanding the context, nuances, and emotional core of your subject.

• Start Broad, Then Narrow Down: Begin with a wide lens, gathering general knowledge about your subject. If you’re telling the story of a historical event, read books, watch documentaries, and browse academic journals. For contemporary topics, look to news reports, social media, and firsthand accounts. Once you have a broad understanding, hone in on specific details that enrich the narrative.

• Immerse Yourself in the Environment: If your story involves a particular place or community, spend time there. Observe how the environment shapes the lives of its inhabitants. Note the sensory details—the smells, sounds, and textures—that make the setting unique. This immersive process not only informs your narrative but also provides inspiration for how to visually or textually portray the story.

• Conduct Meaningful Interviews: People are at the heart of most stories. Approach interviews as conversations rather than interrogations. Open-ended questions encourage subjects to share their experiences organically. Pay attention to their body language, tone, and pauses—these often reveal as much as their words.

• Seek Multiple Perspectives: A single viewpoint rarely captures the full scope of a story. Interview different stakeholders, especially those with conflicting opinions or experiences. This approach adds depth and dimension, ensuring that your narrative is nuanced and balanced.

• Unearth Hidden Layers: Sometimes, the most compelling parts of a story lie beneath the surface. Explore archives, old photographs, and family records. Objects like diaries, artifacts, or even abandoned buildings can hold clues to the emotions and events that shaped the story.

• Engage with Experts: When dealing with specialized topics, consult historians, sociologists, or other experts. Their insights can provide historical, cultural, or technical context that enhances the authenticity of your narrative.

• Challenge Assumptions: Research is also an opportunity to examine your own biases and assumptions. Ask yourself: How might my perspective as a storyteller influence the way I frame this story? What steps can I take to ensure authenticity and respect for the subject?

Building an Emotional Core

Stories are not just a collection of facts; they are vessels for emotion. As you gather research, look for the emotional threads that run through your narrative. These could be moments of struggle, triumph, love, or loss. Consider how these emotions can be conveyed visually, textually, or through the pacing of your project.

Think about the universal truths your story touches on. What larger themes—identity, resilience, justice, transformation—resonate with both your subject and your audience? The more relatable these elements are, the more powerful your narrative will become.

Navigating Ethical Storytelling

As you research and identify stories, remember that storytelling carries ethical responsibilities. The subjects you explore—especially real people and communities—are entrusting you with their truths. Honor this trust by approaching your work with sensitivity and integrity.

• Prioritize Consent: Always seek permission before documenting someone’s story. Be clear about your intentions and how their story will be used.

• Be Transparent: Share your creative vision with your subjects and be open to their feedback. Collaboration often leads to richer, more authentic narratives.

• Avoid Exploitation: Resist the temptation to sensationalize or simplify complex issues. Instead, focus on portraying the humanity and dignity of your subjects.

• Practice Empathy: Try to view your subjects with empathy whether you agree with their ideas or not. 

From Idea to Narrative

The journey from identifying a potential story to crafting a full-fledged narrative is one of discovery, empathy, and creativity. It begins with a single spark of curiosity, deepens through research and immersion, and culminates in a masterpiece that connects with audiences on an emotional level. By approaching each story with curiosity, respect, and a relentless commitment to authenticity, you can create narratives that not only captivate but also endure. At Nor’easter Films, this is the guiding philosophy behind every project—a belief that great stories are not just told; they are deeply felt and profoundly shared.

Over the course of my career, I have worked in the creative services and journalism fields, building stories and sharing them with diverse audiences in a variety of ways. I have led workshops, including at Columbia University's Earth Institute, focused on crafting narratives in dynamic and often challenging contexts. The tactics I’ve outlined here are not definitive rules but rather a toolkit—a starting point to inspire and guide your storytelling process. Each of us approaches storytelling through the lens of our unique experiences, passions, and perspectives.

Telling stories is what makes us human. It connects us, helps us understand our world, and allows us to share our truths. By honing your craft, exploring the world with curiosity, and committing to authentic storytelling, you can create compelling narratives that transcend your career and leave a lasting impact on those who encounter them. Whether your medium is photography, film, writing, or another form of creative expression, your stories have the power to inspire, provoke, and resonate in ways that endure far beyond their telling.

About the Author: John Bulmer

John Bulmer is a photographer, filmmaker, and storyteller based in Saratoga, New York. With extensive experience in commercial and editorial photography, he focuses on crafting engaging narratives through visuals and writing. His work has appeared in outlets like The New York Times, and he has collaborated with organizations such as Columbia University's Earth Institute to teach researchers how to create compelling stories in the field.

As the founder of Nor’easter Films and Adirondack Mountain News, John produces content that promotes environmental conservation and sustainable resource use. His projects range from documenting the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic to capturing the rugged beauty of wilderness landscapes, always with an eye for underrepresented stories.

An experienced educator and technical consultant, John has led workshops on narrative photography and conservation storytelling. As a certified NOAA SKYWARN Storm Spotter and Wilderness Search and Rescue expert, he combines technical knowledge with creative storytelling.

When not working, John explores the Adirondacks, chases storms in New England, or contributes to outdoor and environmental publications. His passion for advocacy and storytelling continues to inspire his work.

For more information on John’s projects, visit John Bulmer Media, John Bulmer Photography, or Nor’easter Films.

@2024 John Bulmer Media, John Bulmer Photography and Nor’easter Films. All Rights Reserved.

The Hudson: A Modern Ecological History

The Hudson: A Modern Ecological History 
By John Bulmer, Nor'easter Films 

The Hudson River was originally known to the indigenous people of the region as "Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk," which means "the river that flows two ways" or "the river that flows both ways." This name referred to the river's unique tidal flow, which causes it to flow in both directions, north and south, depending on the tides. The river was later named the "Hudson River" by European explorers and settlers after the English sea captain Henry Hudson, who explored the river in 1609 while searching for a northwest passage to Asia. Hudson's exploration played a significant role in the European colonization of the region. The river of these early inhabitants of the Hudson Valley looked much different that the modern waterway we know today. It was clean, swimmable, and drinkable. 

Over the past century and a half, the Hudson River has borne witness to a series of ecological challenges that have left an indelible mark on its once-pristine waters. From the rampant industrialization of the 19th century to the unchecked pollution and waste disposal of the mid-20th century, the river's resilience has been tested time and again. The construction of dams and the alteration of its natural flow for hydroelectric power generation disrupted aquatic habitats and migration patterns, while chemical pollutants and untreated sewage discharged into its currents poisoned aquatic life and contaminated its shores. Despite these adversities, determined conservation efforts have brought the river back. The effort to restore the Hudson's ecological balance continues to be an ongoing battle.

For several decades, the Hudson River has been at the center of countless endeavors to cleanse it from industrial waste and pesticides. Once a victim of rampant pollution from industrial discharges, sewage, and an array of contaminants, particularly during the mid-20th century, the river has become a testament to the power of human determination and environmental stewardship. Below is a timeline of the key initiatives in the effort to restore the Hudson and the ecosystems it supports.

1965 Pure Waters Bond Act

In a pivotal stride towards combating water pollution and elevating water quality across the state, the New York State 1965 Pure Waters Bond Act emerged as a formidable piece of environmental legislation. This landmark act, primarily geared towards mitigating water contamination, particularly in the Hudson River, emerged out of escalating concerns about the deterioration of water resources due to industrial and municipal pollutants.

The primary thrust of the Pure Waters Bond Act lay in the provision of financial resources earmarked for an array of projects designed to cleanse and safeguard water sources. This legislative masterpiece conferred the state with the authority to issue bonds, effectively furnishing the means to bankroll the creation and enhancement of sewage treatment facilities, water treatment plants, and associated infrastructure pivotal in reining in pollution and effectively managing wastewater. The overarching objective of these initiatives was to curtail the discharge of harmful pollutants into water bodies, notably the iconic Hudson River, thereby orchestrating a marked advancement in water quality.

With numerous communities indiscriminately releasing untreated or insufficiently treated sewage into the Hudson River, the bond act's financial support facilitated the upgrade of sewage treatment facilities. This strategic move played a pivotal role in minimizing the influx of untreated sewage into the river's waters. The act championed the cause of regulating and managing industrial discharges into the river. This endeavor encompassed the rigorous enforcement of stringent pollution control standards for industries operating along the Hudson River. In recognition of stormwater runoff as a principal perpetrator of water body pollution, the act earmarked funding for projects aimed at its management. By adopting measures to curtail runoff during rainfall events, the act acted as a bulwark against pollutants infiltrating the river.

The New York State 1965 Pure Waters Bond Act was an indelible cornerstone in the enhancement of water quality within the Hudson River and myriad other water bodies across New York State.

1972 Clean Water Act

In 1972, a game-changing piece of legislation was introduced: the Clean Water Act. It was a legislative triumph that enacted many important regulations aimed at curbing the onslaught of industrial pollution on the Hudson. Its provisions set forth a new era of accountability, reining in the unchecked discharge of pollutants into the river's waters while meticulously outlining benchmarks for water quality.

On October 18, 1972, Congress passed the Clean Water Act, overriding a veto by President Richard Nixon. The CWA established a comprehensive regulatory framework for controlling pollution in U.S. waters. Key provisions of the CWA include setting water quality standards, regulating pollutant discharges through permits, and establishing programs to address non-point source pollution. The Act established the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) to regulate point source discharges (e.g., industrial and municipal wastewater) and the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) program to address water bodies that didn't meet water quality standards. The CWA also provided funding for sewage treatment plant construction through the Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) program.

The CWA has had a profound impact on water quality in the United States. It significantly reduced point source pollution and improved the health of many water bodies. Over the years, the Act has been amended several times to address emerging water quality issues, such as stormwater management, wetlands protection, and toxic substance control. The Act has also adapted to address new challenges, including climate change and invasive species. Enforcement of the CWA is carried out by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) at the federal level, with state environmental agencies often implementing and enforcing regulations under delegated authority.

Despite its successes, challenges remain in fully achieving the CWA's goals. Non-point source pollution, agricultural runoff, and urban stormwater runoff continue to pose challenges. Efforts to update and strengthen the CWA continue through periodic reauthorization and amendments, as policymakers seek to address evolving water quality issues.

PCB Clean-up: The Legacy of Industrial Pollution

A key benchmark in cleaning up the river was eradicating PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls) contamination, a legacy of General Electric's industrial footprint. These toxic chemicals are remnants of electrical equipment manufacturing. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are human-made chemicals found in river sediment. PCBs bind tightly to sediment and other organic matter in aquatic environments. River flows and erosion redistribute the sediment, exposing the PCB-contaminated sediment to fish. Fish can become contaminated with PCBs by living near contaminated sediment or by eating contaminated prey.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) took the helm, orchestrating a comprehensive cleansing operation. The tainted sediments were dredged and disposed of in safe locations. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) periodically conducts comprehensive reviews of environmental remediation projects to assess progress, effectiveness, and adherence to regulatory goals. Those reviews are scheduled on a 5-year cycle, with one expected any day. The long-term effectiveness of dredging in reducing PCB contamination is debated. Some studies suggest that dredging may not always result in significant and lasting reductions in PCB concentrations, especially if the underlying sources of contamination are not addressed. The process can disrupt habitats, spread more contamination, and negatively impact aquatic life. Many in the conservation community await the EPA’s 5-year review in hopes of doing more to make the river swimmable again.

In 1983, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) designated a portion of the Hudson River, including the contaminated areas, as a Superfund site. This designation was a response to the severity of the contamination and the need for a comprehensive cleanup effort. The Superfund program aims to clean up the nation's most contaminated sites. Being declared a Superfund site means that a specific location has been designated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a priority for cleanup under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980. Superfund is the common name for the Superfund program established by CERCLA. A site may be designated as a Superfund site if it poses a significant risk to human health or the environment due to contamination with hazardous substances, pollutants, or toxic chemicals. Contaminated sites can result from various activities, including industrial operations, chemical spills, and illegal dumping.

The contamination of the Hudson River with PCBs, a group of highly toxic and persistent chemicals, was first documented in the 1970s. General Electric (GE) had discharged large quantities of PCBs from its capacitor manufacturing plants in Hudson Falls and Fort Edward, New York, into the river over several decades, beginning in the late 1940s. The presence of PCBs in the Hudson River raised significant concerns about their impact on the environment, aquatic life, and public health. PCBs are known to be harmful to both aquatic ecosystems and human health, and they can accumulate in fish and other wildlife.

Environmental organizations, local communities, and concerned citizens advocated for the cleanup of PCB contamination in the Hudson River. Legal action was taken against GE, leading to a protracted legal battle. The cleanup of PCBs from the Hudson River has been one of the most complex and expensive Superfund projects in history. The remediation efforts have involved various techniques, including dredging contaminated sediments, capping, and other methods to contain or remove PCBs from the river. Even after extensive remediation efforts, ongoing monitoring is essential to ensure that the levels of PCBs in the river remain within acceptable limits and to assess the long-term effectiveness of the cleanup. Community input and involvement have been critical throughout the Superfund process, from the initial identification of the site to the development of cleanup plans and ongoing communication with local residents and stakeholders.

The cleanup of PCB contamination in the Hudson River has been a lengthy and contentious process, marked by legal disputes, public debates, and the complex engineering and environmental challenges of removing or mitigating PCBs from the river's ecosystem. While progress has been made in reducing PCB levels, the cleanup efforts continue to be closely monitored and scrutinized by environmental agencies, advocacy groups, and the public. The history of the Hudson River as a Superfund site highlights the challenges and importance of addressing long-term environmental contamination.

The Riverkeepers: Championing the Hudson

The emergence of Riverkeeper in 1966 gave a new voice to the call for environmental advocacy. Today, Riverkeeper is a non-profit environmental organization dedicated to the protection of the Hudson River and its tributaries, as well as the watersheds that provide New York City with its drinking water. Legal battles became its weapons, wielded to challenge the industrial polluters that once openly disposed of waste into the Hudson.

Riverkeeper's origins can be traced to a group of commercial fishermen, environmental activists, and local residents who were deeply troubled by the deteriorating conditions of the Hudson River. They recognized the urgent need for a dedicated guardian to protect the river and its ecosystems from the harmful impacts of industrial pollution and unregulated practices.

In 1983, John Cronin was appointed as the first Riverkeeper, a title that encapsulates the organization's commitment to vigilantly defending the river. Under his leadership, Riverkeeper began its mission to patrol the Hudson, investigate pollution sources, and hold polluters accountable for their actions. In its formative years, Riverkeeper was driven by a simple but powerful idea: the importance of citizen activism in defending the environment.

John Cronin was appointed as the first official Riverkeeper in 1983, and the title "Riverkeeper" epitomized the organization's commitment to vigilantly guarding the river and its tributaries against the threats posed by pollution and overdevelopment.

Riverkeeper's work in the 1970s was pivotal in exposing the illegal dumping of toxic chemicals and PCBs by General Electric (GE) into the Hudson River. This revelation brought widespread attention to the contamination issue, leading to legal action, public awareness, and, ultimately, the Hudson's inclusion as a Superfund site. This designation set in motion the arduous task of cleaning up PCB contamination, an ongoing process aimed at restoring the health of the river.

Riverkeeper's commitment to water quality and environmental protection extended beyond the Hudson River alone. Over the years, the organization expanded its mission to include other water bodies in the New York City area, recognizing the interconnectedness of regional waterways.

Their work encompassed diverse environmental issues, from habitat restoration and sustainable fisheries to climate change adaptation and environmental justice. Riverkeeper's engagement in scientific research and monitoring has been pivotal in assessing the health of water bodies and identifying pollution sources. Through educational programs, community events, and volunteer opportunities, Riverkeeper engages the public in conservation efforts. Their advocacy and policy work also aim to strengthen environmental protections, reduce pollution, and promote sustainable land use practices.

Today, Riverkeeper remains at the forefront of efforts to protect and restore the Hudson River and its surrounding water bodies. With a legacy of nearly six decades of dedication, the organization continues to be a powerful advocate for clean water, healthy ecosystems, and the preservation of New York's natural treasures.

Under the leadership of its current Riverkeeper, Paul Gallay, Riverkeeper's mission lives on, reminding us that clean and thriving waterways are not only essential for the environment but also for the well-being of our communities and future generations. Riverkeeper stands as a testament to the power of grassroots activism and the enduring commitment to environmental stewardship.

The Hudson River Estuary Program

A dedicated arm of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYS DEC), the Hudson River Estuary Program, emerged as a guardian of the Hudson River, encompassing not only the river itself but also its surrounding ecosystem. The program's mission extended beyond mere guardianship; it aimed to facilitate the river's renaissance, restore lost habitats, improve water quality, and engage communities as custodians of this shared natural heritage.

The Hudson River Estuary Program was established in 1987 through a collaborative effort between the NYS DEC and the Hudson River Foundation. Its inception was a direct response to mounting concerns about the environmental health and conservation of the Hudson River and the interconnected estuarine ecosystems. During its formative years, the program primarily focused on conducting extensive scientific research and comprehensive assessments of the Hudson River's ecological conditions. This included in-depth studies of water quality, the health of various habitats, and the status of fish and wildlife populations.

One of the program's standout initiatives has been its dedication to habitat restoration. It actively supported and funded projects aimed at enhancing the vitality of wetlands, rejuvenating shoreline areas, and facilitating fish passage within the expansive Hudson River watershed. Additionally, the program has played a crucial role in addressing pollution concerns and the enhancement of overall water quality within the estuary. This encompassed tackling issues such as stormwater runoff management, sewage treatment improvements, and regulating industrial discharges.

In more recent years, the Hudson River Estuary Program has shifted its focus towards adapting to the consequences of climate change. It has actively worked to safeguard the Hudson River's fragile ecosystems and the communities that rely on them from the threats posed by factors like sea-level rise and intensified storm events.

Both the NYS DEC and the Hudson River Estuary Program continue to collaborate closely with their partners in a shared commitment to protect, preserve, and enhance the Hudson River and its surrounding environment. Their combined efforts remain indispensable for the long-term sustainability and prosperity of this iconic waterway and its invaluable ecosystems. Through their dedication, they ensure that the Hudson River's legacy continues to flourish for generations to come.

Improving Wastewater and the Hudson's Brownfields 

The modernization of sewage treatment plants along the Hudson River played a pivotal role in safeguarding the health and ecological integrity of the river ecosystem. This transformative step yielded a range of benefits that contributed to the overall improvement of water quality and the well-being of both the river and its surrounding communities. By preventing untreated waste from marring the waters, they offered a lifeline to the Hudson's reclamation.

Hudson River brownfields were identified through a combination of environmental assessments, historical research, and regulatory processes. The process of identifying brownfield sites involves examining areas that have a history of industrial or commercial activities, which may have resulted in contamination of the land and potentially pose risks to human health and the environment.

Hudson River brownfields refer to areas of land along the Hudson River that are abandoned, underutilized, or have been previously developed for industrial or commercial purposes but are now contaminated with pollutants or hazardous substances. These sites often have a history of industrial activities that have left behind environmental contaminants such as heavy metals, petroleum products, chemicals, and other pollutants.

Efforts to address Hudson River brownfields involve assessing the extent of contamination, developing plans for remediation, and implementing cleanup actions to make the land safe for reuse. The goal is to transform these once-polluted areas into functional and safe spaces that contribute positively to the surrounding communities and the environment. Brownfield redevelopment can range from creating parks and green spaces to constructing residential, commercial, or mixed-use developments.

Sewage treatment on the Hudson River has improved significantly over the years, resulting in cleaner and healthier water quality. These improvements are the result of a combination of factors, including legislative actions, technological advancements, and increased awareness of the importance of protecting water resources. Here are some key ways in which sewage treatment on the Hudson River has improved:

One of the most significant improvements has been the upgrade and modernization of wastewater treatment plants along the Hudson River. These treatment plants are responsible for treating domestic and industrial wastewater before it is discharged into the river. Upgrades have included the installation of more advanced treatment processes, such as biological nutrient removal and enhanced disinfection, which have resulted in cleaner effluent. Many older cities along the Hudson River, like New York City, have combined sewer systems that collect both sanitary sewage and stormwater runoff. During heavy rainfall, these systems can become overwhelmed, leading to combined sewer overflows (CSOs) that discharge untreated sewage and stormwater into the river. Efforts have been made to reduce CSOs through the construction of storage tanks, green infrastructure, and other mitigation measures. Enhanced Monitoring and Compliance: Regulatory agencies, such as the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYS DEC) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), have implemented stricter monitoring and enforcement measures to ensure that wastewater treatment plants are operating within permit limits. Non-compliance with discharge permits can result in penalties and mandated improvements.

Advances in wastewater treatment technologies have allowed for more efficient and effective removal of contaminants. This includes the use of advanced filtration systems, ultraviolet (UV) disinfection, and more sustainable treatment practices. Federal and state governments have allocated funding for infrastructure projects aimed at improving sewage treatment and reducing pollution discharges. These investments have supported the construction and rehabilitation of treatment plants, sewer systems, and stormwater management infrastructure.

While significant progress has been made in improving sewage treatment on the Hudson River, ongoing efforts are necessary to address emerging challenges, such as climate change impacts, population growth, and evolving water quality issues. Continued investment in infrastructure, research, and regulatory oversight will be essential to maintain and further enhance the water quality of the Hudson River and its tributaries.

Road Salt Pollution

Road salt also poses a potent threat to the health of our waterways. Road salt, primarily composed of sodium chloride (NaCl), can have significant negative impacts on freshwater sources when applied to roadways during winter for ice and snow removal. As road salt is spread on roads, it can dissolve in melting snow or rainwater, creating a salty runoff. This runoff, often referred to as "salt brine," contains elevated levels of sodium ions. When this runoff enters freshwater bodies such as rivers, lakes, and streams, it can increase the sodium content of the water.

In areas where freshwater sources are used for drinking water supply, elevated sodium levels can pose health concerns for humans. Excessive sodium intake can lead to health issues such as high blood pressure, particularly for individuals with certain medical conditions. Salt contamination also has adverse impacts on fragile habitats and vegetation. "Road salt is a looming crisis," adds Shapley. To mitigate the impact of road salt on freshwater sources, efforts are being made to use alternative de-icing materials, adopt smarter application practices, and implement technologies that reduce salt usage. These measures aim to balance the necessity of maintaining safe road conditions during winter with the need to protect the environment and freshwater ecosystems.

Road salt contains chloride ions, which, when applied to road surfaces, can be carried into the Hudson River through stormwater runoff. Elevated chloride levels in the river can harm water quality by increasing salinity. Excess chloride in aquatic ecosystems can negatively affect aquatic life, including fish and invertebrates, as well as plants adapted to freshwater conditions. In addition to chloride, road salt also introduces sodium ions into water bodies. Elevated sodium levels can disrupt the balance of ions in aquatic systems, potentially affecting the health and behavior of freshwater organisms.

The increased salinity caused by road salt runoff can be detrimental to aquatic organisms. Many freshwater species are not adapted to high salinity levels, and exposure to elevated chloride concentrations can stress or harm them. For example, it can impair the gill function of fish, making it more difficult for them to extract oxygen from the water. Road salt runoff can transport other contaminants from road surfaces into the Hudson River, including heavy metals, oil, and other pollutants that may be present on roadways. The interaction of road salt with these contaminants can have adverse ecological effects. Road salt can also accelerate corrosion of bridges, roadways, and vehicles. The runoff of corrosive saltwater into the environment can be detrimental to infrastructure and can contribute to the release of additional contaminants. Road salt contamination can persist in aquatic ecosystems for extended periods, as the salt does not readily break down or dissipate. Over time, this can lead to cumulative environmental impacts.

To mitigate these hazards, efforts are underway to find alternatives to road salt, improve salt application practices, and raise public awareness about the responsible use of deicing materials. Additionally, the development of winter maintenance strategies that reduce salt usage while ensuring road safety is a key goal in minimizing the environmental impact of road salt on the Hudson River and its watershed.

From the Source to the Sea: Lewis Pugh's Advocacy 

Yet, in spite of all the advancements in protection and conservation, awareness campaigns, and improvements in technology and data collection, challenges linger.

The latest high-profile call for awareness of the plight of our fragile waterways comes in the form of endurance swimmer and ocean advocate Lewis Pugh. Dubbed the "Sir Edmund Hillary of swimming," he is the first person to complete a long-distance swim in every ocean of the world, and he frequently swims in vulnerable ecosystems to draw attention to their plight. Lewis Pugh, a modern-day adventurer and environmental activist whose extraordinary feats have captured the world's attention.

“The spotlight that Lewis is putting on the Hudson with this swim lets you imagine how Hudson would be once the PCBs are cleaned up. Swimmers like Lewis are the vanguard, showing us the need for clean water. With climate change, places with cool, clean water will be more important than ever for us to cool off.” says Dan Shapley, Senior Director of Advocacy, Policy, and Planning for Riverkeeper. For many directly tied to the health and safety of the Hudson, Lewis Pugh’s swim is an opportunity to educate a much broader audience to the challenges the river has faced in the past. “Lewis’ swim makes a big statement, giving the Hudson’s water quality world visibility,” Shapley said.

From braving frigid waters to advocating for marine conservation, Pugh's dedication to raising awareness about environmental issues is his driving passion. His latest effort was his astonishing swim from the source of the Adirondacks to New York Harbor, a journey that not only showcased his physical endurance but also shed light on the urgent need to safeguard our oceans and aquatic ecosystems.

Pugh began his swim at Lake Tear in the Clouds on August 13th reaching Battery Park on the tip of Southern Manhattan exactly one month later. While the waters in the remote Adirondacks remain pristine, the challenges of the Lower Hudson River are manifold, encompassing everything from sewage to industrial chemicals like mercury and pesticides. His swim remains unassisted, devoid of mechanized aid. He won't even be donning a wetsuit, choosing instead to sport a Speedo, swim cap, and goggles. This minimalist attire enables him to intimately sense the environment he traverses. Accompanying him is a team of six, which includes a cook and a safety kayaker who shadows him on the river, ensuring heightened visibility and his well-being as he journeys southward. Spanning a distance of 315 miles (507 km), the swim stands as one of Mr. Pugh's most formidable aquatic endeavors. Hailing from Plymouth, Devon in the United Kingdom, Mr. Pugh gained prominence for his 2007 swim across the North Pole, drawing attention to the alarming melt of Arctic sea ice. His achievements also include a 2018 feat of traversing the complete length of the English Channel.

Speaking from Glens Falls, Pugh reflected on his journey. "I was blown away by the source. It's a pretty special place," he remarked. "When you see a river like the Hudson, you think to yourself, this is what all rivers should be like," he continued.

As the UN's Patron of the Oceans since 2013, Pugh holds an optimistic outlook for the river's recovery. "This river gives hope. Yes, a lot more needs to be done, especially when it comes to raw sewage being released into the river. A lot more needs to be done, and it is a constant work in progress. It can take one generation to destroy a river, and it can take many generations to restore the river's health," Pugh explained.

Pugh's daily routine was both physically demanding and mentally invigorating. Spending approximately six hours in the water each day, he faced challenges like navigating around dams, waterfalls, and industrial structures. Many stretches of the upper river require him to traverse on roads or trails. The unwavering support of locals has became a vital source of encouragement for Pugh, with signs, cheers, and heartfelt gestures along the riverbanks fueling his determination. He remarked how he is genuinely touched by the support and encouragement of locals for his mission, some driving from as far away as Toronto. The support for his efforts grew in numbers his journey continued south toward New York City, passing through key urban centers in the Hudson Valley.

The encounters Pugh had with the people living along the river have left an indelible mark on him. He was moved by the deep generational ties that bind the locals to the river, and he expressed immense gratitude for the outpouring of support he received from communities across the state. While the journey carried him past stunning landscapes and smaller communities, Pugh acknowledged the greater challenges the river held south of Albany, New York, especially the more populous areas of the Hudson Valley.

"After rainfall, pollution becomes a concern, with combined sewage overflows and agricultural runoff affecting the water quality. Plastic pollution is also evident, lining roads and trails," Pugh lamented. The challenges of the Lower Hudson River are manifold, encompassing everything from sewage to industrial chemicals like mercury and pesticides. His swim was unassisted, devoid of mechanized aid. He chose not to wear a wetsuit, choosing instead to sport a Speedo, swim cap, and goggles. This minimalist attire enabled him to intimately sense the environment. A team of six accompanied him on this swim, including a cook and a safety kayaker who shadowed him on the river, ensuring heightened visibility and his well-being as he journeys southward.

Pugh found hope and inspiration in the Hudson's resilience. "This river is a testament to the care people have shown for generations. It's a constant work in progress, reminding us that it takes time and effort to restore a river's health," he affirmed.

"This river is more than just a waterway; it's a symbol of hope. It serves as a reminder that a river can be destroyed within a generation, but it takes the collective dedication of many generations to heal it. The Hudson River holds a special place in the hearts of not only New Yorkers but all Americans, as it flows through one of the world's greatest cities," Pugh concluded.

For decades, the battle to safeguard the Hudson River from the clutches of industrial pollution has raged on.

Dan Shapley, Senior Director of Advocacy, Policy, and Planning for Riverkeeper, highlighted the significance of Lewis Pugh's swim in casting a spotlight on the Hudson's future. "Swimmers like Lewis are the vanguard, showing us the need for clean water," Shapley emphasized. Pugh's swim becomes a medium to educate a broader audience about the river's challenges and the strides toward a cleaner future.

"While the Hudson’s source is pristine, the lower portions of the river are challenged by pollution. In the ADKs, the protection of the park is a conservation success in New York State. It is an enduring reminder to protect our headwaters,” commented Shapley. He also added, “The spotlight that Lewis is putting on the Hudson with this swim lets you imagine how Hudson would be once the PCBs are cleaned up.” Agricultural runoff and road salts pose increasing threats to water health. Shapley mentioned, “Sodium is a threat to our waters, and it is a slow-moving crisis.”

Efforts by organizations like Riverkeeper, a non-profit dedicated to protecting the Hudson River and its tributaries, demonstrated the power of advocacy and legal action against industrial polluters. Despite these achievements, challenges remain, including the need to address the impact of road salt on freshwater sources.

“Lewis’ swim makes a big statement, giving the Hudson’s water quality world visibility,” Shapley added. Lewis Pugh's extraordinary swim underscores the continuous demand for awareness and action. While substantial progress has been made, the journey towards a cleaner Hudson endures, driven by the voices of advocates and the river's own resilience.

In the past 150 years, the Hudson River has witnessed a remarkable transformation – from the depths of industrial pollution to the forefront of environmental awareness and advocacy. Through relentless efforts, dedicated advocates, and the advances in technology and understanding, significant strides have been made to protect this iconic waterway.

However, as we celebrate the victories achieved in the name of the Hudson, it is crucial to acknowledge that challenges persist. The river still grapples with issues like pollution from various sources, road salt contamination, and the ever-present threat of climate change. The battle to safeguard the Hudson River is far from over.

In the face of these ongoing challenges, advocates like Lewis Pugh, organizations like Riverkeeper, and countless others will continue to champion the cause of clean water. The Hudson River remains a symbol of resilience, a reminder that the work to heal our precious waterways is a journey of many generations. Together, we can preserve the legacy of the Hudson and protect the lifeblood of our communities, for it is not only a river; it is a symbol of hope, a testament to our commitment to safeguarding our natural treasures.

Portions of this story originally appeared in From the Source to the Sea: The Lewis Pugh Interview from Adirondack Mountain News. 

Additional Reading: 

Lewis Pugh: www.lewispugh.com
Lewis Pugh Foundation: www.lewispughfoundation.org
Riverkeeper: www.riverkeeper.org
Hudson River Estuary Program: www.dec.ny.gov
Environmental Protection Agency Hudson Superfund Site: www.epa.gov

@2023 John Bulmer Media. All Rights Reserved.
© 2023 Nor’easter Films. All Rights Reserved.

Ghost Dams and Their Impacts

It's not a term you hear often: ghost dam.

Ghost dams refer to abandoned or decommissioned dams and mills that have been left without proper maintenance or removal. These hidden locations are often concealed by years of overgrowth and neglect, harboring secrets of the past. In New York State, there are hundreds of these decaying structures, silently impacting the ecological, hydrological, and cultural futures of the communities that once relied on them for industrial purposes.

Ghost dams, mills, and other decommissioned structures can disrupt natural water flows, causing changes in downstream ecosystems. These altered flow patterns have consequences for aquatic habitats, fish migration, and the overall water availability of various species. Additionally, ghost mills may have altered the landscape, resulting in habitat structure changes and affecting the local flora and fauna. This disruption of natural water flows can lead to flooding events and river fragmentation, ultimately limiting biodiversity.

Abandoned dams and mills pose water quality issues. The accumulation of sediment behind ghost dams traps pollutants, altering nutrient levels and affecting downstream water quality. Furthermore, many of these neglected sites may contain chemicals and waste that further exacerbate the environmental concerns.

While there is no straightforward solution to these remnants of a bygone era, it is crucial to acknowledge and understand their impacts. Raising awareness about the ecological, hydrological, and cultural consequences of ghost dams and mills can help initiate conversations and actions toward preserving and restoring our rivers and waterways. #FreeTheRivers

The Disappearing Night Sky

The stars are disappearing from the night sky. Each year, more are claimed by the glare of expanding cities and sprawling suburbs. It’s something you may not have given much thought to, and in our time of global pandemics, extreme weather events, and armed conflict, preserving the night sky may not rank as a global priority, but maybe it should.

As a professional photographer and an advocate for the night sky, I am committed to capturing its beauty and sharing it with the world. Through my work, I hope to ignite a passion for protecting the darkness and preserving the wonders that lie beyond our atmosphere. 

A story of two children separated by 80 years: 

The year is 1943, and a child gazes up at the night sky, eyes wide with wonder and curiosity. As he peers into the darkness, his young mind is captivated by the sheer abundance of stars that pepper the dome of night surrounding their town. The air was crisp and still, allowing for perfect visibility, unimpeded by the intrusion of artificial light. The child plots familiar constellations with excitement, tracing the lines that connect the glittering dots. The Milky Way stretches across the sky like a luminous river. At this moment, he feels a profound sense of connection to the vastness of the universe, a humbling reminder of our place in the grand cosmic order. He stands in awe, immersed in the serenity and beauty of the night sky, his imagination ignited by the boundless possibilities that lie beyond Earth's atmosphere. What’s out there? It’s a question we’ve all asked ourselves.

Amidst the enchantment of the stars, the boy’s thoughts briefly turn to the harsh realities of the time. In 1943, the world was embroiled in a devastating conflict. Enemy air raids are a constant threat, and he can’t help but cast a wary eye on the night sky. While the celestial display is a source of awe and inspiration, it also serves as a stark reminder of the perilous times he lives in. The vastness of the universe contrasted with the chaos and destruction unfolding on Earth, deepening their appreciation for the fragile peace that the night sky symbolized. The darkness hid the landscape from the potential of bombers searching for strategic targets, the darkness made him feel safe and scared all at the same time. 

Fast forward to the year 2023, and a young girl tilts her head back, gazing up at the night sky with a mix of anticipation and curiosity. As her eyes adjust to the ambient light and the glow of nearby cities, she notices a celestial panorama vastly different from what her grandfather experienced in 1943. The stars, though still present, seem dimmer and scattered amidst the persistent veil of light pollution. She strains her eyes to catch a glimpse of constellations, but the urban glow obscures many of the intricate patterns she’s learned about. Instead of a blanket of twinkling lights, she sees a subdued and muted sky, lacking the brilliance and clarity described by her grandfather.

In addition to the challenges of light pollution, another factor further influences her stargazing experience in 2023—wildfire smoke. As wildfires become increasingly prevalent in many parts of the world, the skies often bear the hazy consequences of these natural disasters. Her view of the stars is further compromised by the lingering smoke particles suspended in the atmosphere. The celestial wonders that once dazzled with their brilliance now struggle to pierce through the smoke-filled air, creating an additional layer of obstruction.

However, despite the combined obstacles of light pollution and wildfire smoke, she refuses to let go of her sense of wonder. She adapts to the circumstances and finds solace in technology, using her smartphone to identify the stars that manage to break through the urban glow and smoke-laden sky. Even beyond the halo of lights produced by nearby cities, the beauty of the night sky remains a source of inspiration and awe.

Although the view has changed since her grandfather's time, this young stargazer recognizes the importance of preserving and reclaiming the natural darkness of the night sky, hoping that future generations will once again revel in the pristine and unobstructed splendor of the cosmos.

She understands that addressing light pollution and combating the impacts of climate change that fuel wildfires are crucial steps towards ensuring a brighter future for stargazing enthusiasts worldwide. Her growing awareness of the need for environmental stewardship inspires hope for a night sky that can be cherished by generations to come. She is not alone in that desire to preserve the darkness and prevent the stars from disappearing. Right now, some of you reading this have never witnessed a truly dark night sky, and that is a shame. 

Light pollution, the excessive or misdirected artificial illumination that interferes with the natural darkness of the night sky, has become a global concern. In 1943, artificial lighting was relatively limited, especially in rural areas, allowing for pristine dark skies that revealed the full splendor of stars, constellations, and the Milky Way. Children of that era could gaze upwards and witness a tapestry of sparkling celestial objects against a backdrop of true darkness.

In stark contrast, the night sky of 2023 presents a skyglow phenomenon, resulting from the scattering and reflection of artificial light. Even in suburban or rural locations, the glow from nearby cities and towns pollutes the night sky, obscuring the fainter stars and making it challenging to observe celestial wonders that were once easily visible to the naked eye. For children today, the spectacle of a truly dark, star-filled sky is increasingly rare and limited to remote, light-controlled areas.

Environmental changes have also had an impact on the night sky over the past eight decades. Today, climate change and air pollution can influence atmospheric conditions, affecting visibility and introducing additional challenges to stargazing. Weather patterns, such as increased cloud cover, may limit opportunities for children in 2023 to witness astronomical events like meteor showers, eclipses, and the dance of the Northern Lights, potentially altering their experiences compared to those in 1943.

Light pollution stems from various factors, including urbanization and population growth, poor lighting design and technology, excessive and misused lighting, blue-rich and LED lighting, advertising and media, glare, reduced visibility, lack of awareness, and insufficient regulation.

The rapid growth of urban areas and the increasing global population have played a significant role in the escalation of light pollution. As cities expand, so does the demand for artificial lighting to facilitate various activities, such as street lighting, commercial signage, and outdoor advertising. Bright lights spill beyond their intended areas, creating a dome of light that obscures our view of the stars. It’s called light trespass and we all witness it every day.

Another significant cause of light pollution lies in the design and technology of lighting fixtures. Inefficient lighting systems, including outdated streetlights and poorly shielded outdoor fixtures, emit light in multiple directions, leading to wasteful and unnecessary illumination. Unshielded lights contribute to upward light escape, resulting in skyglow, where the night sky appears hazy and washed out. Excessive use of lighting, both in terms of intensity and duration, also contributes to light pollution. Many outdoor spaces, including commercial buildings, sports facilities, and parking lots, remain illuminated long after they are needed. This not only wastes energy but also affects nocturnal animals, disrupts ecosystems, and disturbs the natural rhythm of life.

The widespread adoption of blue-rich lighting, particularly light-emitting diode (LED) technology, has exacerbated light pollution. LEDs are energy-efficient and long-lasting, but they emit a significant amount of blue light, which scatters more in the atmosphere than other colors. This scattering intensifies the skyglow and affects the natural behaviors of plants and animals, including their sleep patterns and reproduction cycles.

Advertising and media play a role in perpetuating light pollution. Billboards, illuminated signs, and digital displays are often designed to be eye-catching and attention-grabbing, resulting in excessive light emission that spills into the night sky. Additionally, the portrayal of brightly lit cities in movies, TV shows, and advertisements further reinforces the perception that a well-lit environment equates to progress and prosperity. Excessive brightness from streetlights, advertisements, and commercial signage can create glare, which hampers visibility. Glare can impede the ability to see clearly, especially for drivers, pedestrians, and cyclists, potentially leading to accidents or hazards on the road or in public spaces.

A lack of awareness about the consequences of light pollution, coupled with inadequate regulations, contributes to its persistence. Many individuals and communities are unaware of the ecological, health, and astronomical impacts of excessive lighting. Additionally, lighting ordinances and regulations in many regions often fail to address the issue comprehensively or enforce compliance effectively.

Raising awareness about the impacts of light pollution on human health and taking steps to mitigate its effects is crucial. Implementing appropriate lighting practices, using warm and dimmer light sources in the evening, employing efficient lighting technologies, and implementing lighting regulations to minimize light pollution are essential measures to preserve the integrity of the night sky and promote the well-being of both humans and the natural world.

Over the past 25 years, documenting the night sky has become a deeply meaningful and transformative journey for me. Through my lens, I have witnessed the ethereal beauty of countless stars, constellations, and celestial wonders. Each time I capture the silent, vast cosmos, I am reminded what a special slight the night sky is. We don’t look up often enough.

Documenting the darkness is not just about capturing stunning images; it is about preserving a precious legacy for future generations. The night sky, with its awe-inspiring wonders, has the power to ignite curiosity, spark imagination, and instill a sense of wonder in young and old alike. 

But the darkness of the night sky is under threat. 
It is our responsibility to protect and preserve the darkness for future generations. By raising awareness about light pollution and its detrimental effects, we can inspire change and encourage communities to adopt responsible lighting practices. We must advocate for the use of shielded and efficient lighting fixtures, the implementation of lighting regulations, and the preservation of natural spaces where the night sky can still be seen in its full splendor.

Protecting the darkness is not just about preserving a breathtaking view; it is about safeguarding our connection to the cosmos, nurturing a sense of wonder, and fostering a deeper understanding of our place in the universe. It is about giving future generations the opportunity to gaze up at a star-filled sky and experience the same sense of awe and inspiration that has shaped my life.

As an environmental photographer and journalist with over 25 years of experience and a vast archive of over a million images, I have had the privilege of witnessing the dramatic changes occurring in our weather patterns and environment. Throughout my career, few transformations have been as disheartening as the degradation of the once-majestic night sky.

In the early years of my career, the night sky shone brightly, forming the constellations that guided generations of explorers. It was a breathtaking sight that resonated with a deep sense of awe and connection to the natural world.

However, as time passed, a sobering shift became evident. The stars began to fade from view, their brilliance obscured by the insidious spread of light pollution. Urban expansion and increased development encroached upon the darkness, allowing artificial light to dominate and erode the natural beauty of the night sky. I’ve had to go farther to find dark skies, and those places that were once dark, have been claimed by the light. 

I’ve watched with dismay as light pollution gradually encroached upon the serenity of the night sky. Our cities expanded, and rural areas transformed into concrete landscapes, causing artificial illumination to spill into the atmosphere, obscuring the stars' radiance.

Adding to this plight, the rising incidence of wildfires, fueled by the impacts of climate change, contributed to the further degradation of the night sky. The billowing smoke and haze from these fires acted as a veil, dimming the stars' brilliance and casting a pall over the once-vivid celestial canvas.

Wildfires have become an all-too-common occurrence, and their impact on our environment is devastating. The smoke and haze they produce create additional obstacles for stargazers, obstructing the view and adding another layer of obscurity to the night sky.

Furthermore, the encroachment of human development into once-rural areas has exacerbated the loss of our dark skies. The phenomenon of light trespass occurs when artificial illumination spills beyond its intended boundaries, infiltrating previously pristine natural landscapes. This invasion disrupts ecosystems and robs us of the opportunity to connect with the beauty of the night sky and the natural world.

As an environmental photographer, it has been my mission to document and raise awareness about these changes. Through my lens, I aim to capture the diminishing stars, the obscured views caused by wildfire haze, and the encroachment of urban glow into once-pristine areas. Each image tells a story of a planet in flux, urging us to reflect on our collective responsibility to preserve the natural wonders that surround us.

My photographs serve as a visual testimony to the consequences of our actions. They remind me of the urgent need to address light pollution, embrace responsible urban development, and take decisive action against climate change. The preservation of our night sky and the restoration of its pristine beauty are vital for our well-being and the health of our planet.

Despite the challenges we face, there is reason for hope. The growing awareness of these issues has sparked initiatives to reduce light pollution and protect natural landscapes. Communities are recognizing the value of preserving our connection to the stars, and individuals are taking action to reclaim the darkness of the night sky.

As I reflect on my journey as an environmental photographer, I am heartened by the progress we have made. More people are joining the movement to combat light pollution, and there is a renewed sense of urgency to restore the night sky to its former glory. The stars are calling us to action, and it is our responsibility to answer that call.

Through my work, I hope to inspire others to appreciate the profound beauty of our natural world and encourage them to become stewards of the environment. By sharing the stories embedded within my images, I aim to ignite a sense of wonder and foster a collective determination to preserve and restore the pristine beauty of the cosmos.

In the grand scheme of the world's challenges, light pollution may seem like a small issue. Yet, its impact reaches far beyond the individual. The solution lies not in the hands of a single person, but in the collective efforts of a mindful society.

Raising awareness about the detrimental effects of unmitigated light pollution is the first step towards effecting positive change. By educating ourselves and others about the consequences of excessive artificial lighting, particularly in outdoor spaces, we can inspire a shift in behavior and make conscious choices to mitigate this issue.

While it may be easy to feel overwhelmed by the magnitude of the problem, it's important to remember that even small actions can make a significant difference. By reevaluating our outdoor lighting choices, opting for fixtures with downward shielding, and using lower-intensity bulbs, we can reduce light pollution and create more harmonious nightscapes.

If this article has succeeded in raising awareness about light pollution for even one person, it has achieved its goal. Each individual who becomes conscious of the issue becomes an agent of change, capable of influencing others and fostering a ripple effect of positive action.

Let us remember that the night sky, once a source of wonder and inspiration, is our shared heritage. We can reclaim the beauty of our starry nights and create a better world for ourselves and future generations.

In the quest to combat light pollution, let us be guided by the belief that no action is too small. Through collective awareness and responsible outdoor lighting choices, we can illuminate a path toward a brighter, more sustainable future—a future where the splendor of the night sky once again graces our lives.

John Bulmer Environmental Photographer
Nor’easter Films, John Bulmer Photography 

© 2023 Nor’easter Films and John Bulmer Photography. All rights reserved.

Unveiling Why Wildfire Smoke Turns Sunsets Deep Red

Nature never ceases to amaze with its captivating displays of beauty, and one such phenomenon is the transformation of sunsets into a breathtaking deep red hue when wildfire smoke fills the sky. As the sun bids farewell for the day, it paints the horizon with vibrant colors. However, when wildfires rage, something magical occurs, engulfing the setting sun in an otherworldly crimson cloak. Let us explore the science behind this captivating phenomenon. It's important to remember that these colorful sunsets are the byproduct of a horrible wildfire cycle that starts earlier, lasts longer, and gets more destructive every year. As exogenous climate change further enhances the wildfire cycles in the coming decades, these deep red sunsets, sunrises, and milky skies will become prevalent.

Understanding Wildfire Smoke Composition: To comprehend why wildfire smoke alters the colors of sunsets, we must first delve into its composition. Wildfire smoke consists of countless tiny particles, such as ash, soot, and other aerosols, which are released when vegetation and organic matter combust during wildfires. These particles are carried high into the atmosphere by the heat and convective currents generated by the fire.

Interaction of Light with Smoke Particles: When sunlight interacts with the smoke particles suspended in the atmosphere, a fascinating interplay begins. The light we perceive as white actually comprises a spectrum of colors, each with a different wavelength. These colors include red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. The shorter-wavelength colors, like blue and violet, scatter more easily in the atmosphere, while longer-wavelength colors, like red and orange, tend to pass through with less scattering.

Scattering and Absorption of Light: As sunlight passes through the layers of smoke particles, the shorter-wavelength colors scatter more due to their interaction with the smaller-sized particles. This scattering effect causes the sky to appear hazy or even grayish. Simultaneously, the longer-wavelength colors, particularly red and orange, have a higher likelihood of being absorbed or refracted by the smoke particles rather than being scattered.

Reddish Light Dominance: The absorption and refraction of shorter-wavelength colors leave the longer-wavelength colors to dominate the scene. Consequently, during sunset, when sunlight passes through a greater portion of the atmosphere, the remaining red and orange light undergoes less scattering and reaches our eyes relatively unhindered. This unique atmospheric condition, combined with the presence of wildfire smoke, intensifies the reddish hues during sunsets, creating a mesmerizing display of deep reds, oranges, and pinks.

The Role of Particle Size and Composition: The size and composition of the smoke particles also play a crucial role in sunset colors. Larger particles tend to scatter light more effectively, resulting in a diffusion of colors. However, smaller particles—typical of wildfire smoke—preferentially scatter the shorter-wavelength colors, allowing the longer-wavelength reds and oranges to dominate. Additionally, the composition of the smoke particles can further influence the colors observed, as different materials may absorb or reflect specific wavelengths of light differently.

Artistic Marvel and Ecological Reminder: While wildfire smoke altering sunset colors is a breathtaking sight to behold, it is important to remember the ecological impact behind these phenomena. Wildfires, although nature's regenerative process in some cases, can have devastating consequences, endangering lives, destroying habitats, and emitting harmful pollutants. The red sunsets serve as a poignant reminder of the urgent need to address climate change, mitigate wildfires, and protect our natural ecosystems.

The transformation of sunsets into deep red masterpieces, under the influence of wildfire smoke, is a captivating reminder of the intricate dance between light and nature's elements. As sunlight traverses the smoke-laden atmosphere, the scattering and absorption processes selectively enhance the longer-wavelength red and orange light, painting the sky with an ethereal crimson glow. Let us appreciate the sheer beauty of this phenomenon while remaining mindful of the underlying environmental challenges we face in combating wildfires and safeguarding our planet.

Wildfire Sunrise Over Mirror Lake

Lake Placid, New York - In an unprecedented event, thick smoke originating from raging wildfires in Canada has engulfed the skies over Lake Placid and invaded US airspace, casting an eerie ambiance over the renowned Olympic village. The billowing clouds of smoke, driven by wind currents, have transformed the picturesque landscape into a surreal setting reminiscent of a dystopian novel.

Residents and tourists alike have been left astonished and concerned as the familiar blue skies of Lake Placid have given way to a hazy and apocalyptic scene. The invasive smoke has shrouded the picturesque mountains and the glistening waters of Mirror Lake, obscuring their natural beauty under a cloak of gray.

"It's something I've never seen before. The smoke has made everything look so surreal and ghostly," said Jennifer Thompson, a local resident and nature enthusiast. "Lake Placid is known for its breathtaking views, but this smoke has added an unexpected element of mystery and unease."

The smoke, borne from the relentless wildfires scorching large areas of Canada, has journeyed southward across the border due to wind patterns and atmospheric conditions. Meteorologists predict that the smoke will linger in the region until the fires in Canada are brought under control and wind patterns shift.

Lake Placid, which gained global recognition as the host of the 1980 Winter Olympics, is a popular tourist destination known for its outdoor activities, including hiking, boating, and skiing. However, the current atmospheric invasion has caused disruptions, with some outdoor events and activities being postponed or canceled due to poor air quality.

Local authorities have issued health advisories urging residents to stay indoors and limit outdoor activities, particularly for individuals with respiratory conditions and sensitivities. The town has also set up temporary air quality monitoring stations to keep track of pollution levels and ensure the safety of its residents and visitors.

While the smoke invasion has undoubtedly posed challenges for the local community, it has also inspired a sense of resilience and solidarity. Residents have come together to support one another, offering assistance to those who may require it during this unusual event.

Efforts to combat the wildfires in Canada are currently underway, with firefighters and emergency personnel working tirelessly to contain the infernos. As they battle the blazes, their efforts are underscored by the knowledge that the far-reaching consequences of these wildfires extend beyond national borders.

As Lake Placid continues to grapple with the invasion of Canadian wildfire smoke, the local community remains hopeful for improved air quality and the eventual restoration of the region's iconic vistas. Until then, residents and visitors alike will adapt to the unusual circumstances, finding solace and strength in their shared experience amidst the smoky skies.

By John Bulmer, Nor’easter Films

Climate Change Impacts on the Ecosystems of Upstate New York

The picturesque landscapes of Upstate New York, renowned for their natural beauty and diverse ecosystems, are facing unprecedented challenges due to the impact of climate change. As rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and shifting precipitation patterns continue to reshape the region, scientists and environmentalists warn of grave consequences for the delicate balance of its ecosystems.

Over the past decade, Upstate New York has experienced observable changes attributed to climate change. One notable effect has been the alteration of the region's flora and fauna. Changing temperature patterns have prompted shifts in the timing of biological events, such as plant blooming and animal migration, which have repercussions throughout the ecosystem.

Warmer winters have disrupted the delicate balance of the region's forests. Invasive species, such as the emerald ash borer and the hemlock woolly adelgid, once held at bay by colder temperatures, are now thriving and decimating native tree populations. These tree losses have ripple effects on wildlife habitats, water quality, and overall biodiversity.

Furthermore, altered precipitation patterns have led to more frequent and intense rainfall events, leading to increased erosion and habitat destruction. This, coupled with rising temperatures, exacerbates the risk of invasive species spreading and disrupts the natural regeneration of forests and wetlands.

The region's iconic bodies of water are also feeling the impact. The warming of the Great Lakes, including Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, has disrupted aquatic ecosystems and has led to the proliferation of harmful algal blooms. These blooms threaten the health of fish populations, increase the risk of waterborne diseases, and have negative implications for the tourism and fishing industries.

Climate models predict that these challenges will persist and intensify in the coming decades. Upstate New York is projected to experience more frequent heatwaves and droughts, placing additional stress on forests, agricultural systems, and freshwater resources. Rising temperatures may also lead to the northward migration of certain species, potentially displacing native fauna and flora.

The implications of these changes extend beyond the natural environment. The livelihoods of communities dependent on agriculture, forestry, and tourism are at risk. Farmers face uncertainties as changing weather patterns disrupt planting and harvesting schedules. Forestry industries grapple with the loss of valuable tree species and the economic consequences that follow. Additionally, the attractiveness of the region as a tourist destination may be diminished as iconic landscapes and outdoor activities are altered.

As an environmental photographer, my 25-year career has allowed me to witness the profound impacts of climate change on the landscapes of Upstate New York, the American West, and Iceland. When I reflect upon my photographic record, it becomes clear that the timing of seasons, weather patterns, and storms have been undeniably altered. What is even more alarming is the acceleration of these changes over the last decade, as each passing year becomes increasingly warmer than the previous. It is a stark reminder that we are living in a world where the consequences of our actions are being etched into the very fabric of our planet." - John Bulmer, environmental photographer.

Over the past few decades, a growing body of evidence suggests that the region's summers have become increasingly warmer, shedding light on the undeniable impacts of climate change.

According to environmental experts and meteorologists, the rise in temperatures during the summer months is not merely a coincidence but a result of long-term climate trends. In an analysis of historical weather data, it becomes evident that Upstate New York has been gradually experiencing higher temperatures, posing significant challenges for both the environment and local communities.

"When I first started capturing the beauty of Upstate New York, summers were characterized by milder temperatures and predictable weather patterns," Bulmer reflects. "However, over the years, there has been a noticeable shift towards warmer summers, impacting the delicate balance of nature, the change is stark and evident in the million-image photo archive I have produced over the course of my career."

The warming trend in Upstate New York has been particularly pronounced over the past decade. Climate records reveal that each passing year has been consistently hotter than the previous one, indicating an alarming acceleration of this trend. This pattern not only disrupts the region's ecosystems but also poses risks to agriculture, public health, and overall quality of life.

Scientists attribute the rise in temperatures to various factors, including increased greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and urbanization. These human-induced activities have resulted in a phenomenon known as the urban heat island effect, where metropolitan areas experience higher temperatures due to the absorption and re-emission of heat by buildings and concrete.

The consequences of warmer summers are far-reaching. Changing climate patterns disrupt agricultural cycles, affecting crop yields and threatening the livelihoods of farmers in the region. Extreme heat events put vulnerable populations, such as the elderly and those with underlying health conditions, at a higher risk of heat-related illnesses. Furthermore, the shift in weather patterns can have cascading effects on ecosystems, altering the behavior and distribution of plant and animal species.

Recognizing the urgency of addressing this issue, local communities and environmental organizations have been actively working to mitigate and adapt to the changing climate. Efforts include the promotion of renewable energy sources, advocating for sustainable land use practices, and implementing heat emergency response plans to protect vulnerable populations during extreme heat events.

While the challenges posed by warmer summers in Upstate New York are substantial, they also serve as a wake-up call for broader global climate action. The region's experiences reflect the larger crisis faced by the planet, demanding immediate attention and concerted efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition towards a sustainable future.

To address these challenges, scientists, policymakers, and local communities are mobilizing efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change impacts. Collaborative initiatives aim to restore degraded habitats, promote sustainable land-use practices, and implement measures to conserve water resources. Investing in renewable energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions is also crucial to curbing the rate of climate change.

The road ahead is undeniably challenging, but by fostering a deeper understanding of the impacts and implementing proactive measures, Upstate New York can strive to protect its unique ecosystems while building resilience against the growing threat of climate change. The clock is ticking, urging collective action to secure a sustainable future for this treasured region and its irreplaceable natural wonders.

© 2023 Nor’easter Films. All Rights Reserved.

Nor'easter Films Shorts: Puerto Rico

Sunset in the turtle nesting grounds of Isla Verde, Puerto Rico
© 2023 Nor’easter Films. All Rights Reserved.

Sunrise in the Albany Pine Bush

Sunrise in the Albany Pine Bush

The Albany Pine Bush Preserve is a unique and ecologically important area located in Albany, New York. It is a globally rare ecosystem known as an inland pine barrens, characterized by its sandy soils, dry pine forests, and diverse plant and animal life. The natural history of the Albany Pine Bush Preserve spans thousands of years and is shaped by various factors, including geological processes, fire ecology, and human impact. Let's delve into its fascinating story.

Geological Origins: The Albany Pine Bush Preserve began to take shape around 15,000 years ago during the last Ice Age. As the massive glaciers that covered the region started to retreat, they left behind deposits of sand and gravel, forming the basis of the Pine Bush's unique soils. These sandy soils, known as glacial outwash, are well-drained and nutrient-poor, making them ideal for the growth of certain plant species.

Flora and Fire Ecology: One of the defining features of the Albany Pine Bush Preserve is its fire-adapted ecosystem. Historically, wildfires, either started by lightning strikes or Native American tribes, played a crucial role in shaping and maintaining the Pine Bush's vegetation. Frequent fires prevented the encroachment of trees and allowed fire-tolerant species to thrive.

The dominant tree species in the Albany Pine Bush Preserve is the pitch pine (Pinus rigida), known for its ability to withstand and even benefit from fire. These trees have thick bark that protects them during fires and serotinous cones that require the intense heat of a fire to open and release their seeds.

Other plant species found in the preserve include scrub oak (Quercus ilicifolia), blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), huckleberries (Gaylussacia spp.), sweet fern (Comptonia peregrina), and various grasses and wildflowers. These plants have adapted to the sandy soils and fire-prone conditions of the Pine Bush.

Fauna: The Albany Pine Bush Preserve provides habitat for a diverse array of wildlife, including many species that are rare or endangered. The preserve is particularly important for its support of several species of reptiles and insects.

One notable resident of the Pine Bush is the federally endangered Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis). This small butterfly relies on the wild lupine (Lupinus perennis) as its larval host plant. The preservation and management of lupine stands in the Pine Bush are crucial for the survival of the Karner blue butterfly.

Other reptiles found in the preserve include the Eastern hognose snake (Heterodon platirhinos), Eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina), and various species of snakes, lizards, and turtles. Mammals such as white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), and Eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) can also be spotted in the area.

Conservation Efforts: Over time, the Albany Pine Bush faced significant threats due to urbanization and habitat fragmentation. However, dedicated conservation efforts have been instrumental in protecting this unique ecosystem. The Albany Pine Bush Preserve Commission, in collaboration with other organizations, has been actively involved in land acquisition, habitat restoration, and fire management to preserve and maintain the ecological integrity of the Pine Bush.

Today, the Albany Pine Bush Preserve serves as a valuable educational and recreational resource for the local community. Visitors can explore the preserve through various trails, participate in educational programs, and learn about the importance of preserving this rare and fragile ecosystem.

The Albany Pine Bush Preserve showcases the interplay between geological forces, fire ecology, and human conservation efforts. This globally rare inland pine barrens ecosystem continues to thrive, providing a habitat.

© 2023 Nor’easter Films. All Rights Reserved.

Historical Image Restoration Case Study: Tomhannock Reservoir

The Valley That Disappeared

Tomhannock Restoration Project: While there are no known images of the Tomhannock Flats actually flooding, or before and after images, this is an imagined before and after comparison. If you’ve visited the Reservoir, this view is very familiar. Now you can imagine what’s under the water.

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Sawmill near Tomhannock Reservoir, 1905-1906

This is what the Reservoir looked like shortly after its completion. It is a far different landscape than it is today. The water level in the reservoir is much lower and there are far fewer trees across the landscape. You can see where modern-day Route 7 crosses the water at the image center left.

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Tomhnannock Creek, 1900

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G. Foster's Sawmill, Bert Rifenberg's Wood Lot, Circa 1900

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This rarely-seen image is the lowlands that were named the Tomhannock Flats before the construction of the Reservoir began in 1900. This land was considered some of the best farmland in Rensselaer County. It was beautiful, too. Today, this landscape is under 50 feet of water, mud, and silt.

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Tomhannock Hotel, turn of the 20th century: When the Tomhannock was built in the early 1900s, it bisected to town of Tomhannock. This hotel was a busy stage stop.

Roughly 60 farmers were displaced though eminent domain, with compensation as low of $50 per acre. I have the land damage claims and will post them when they have been restored. Some buildings remain under the water to this day. This image has been restored and colorized.

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Two women take a horse-drawn carriage ride along the shore of the newly constructed Tomhannock Reservoir in the early 1900s. No location data was provided, but from the look of the terrain, this is likely at the north end of the Reservoir, just east of the spillway. From the look of the shoreline, the landscape has gone through many changes since its construction. That small island has vanished.

This is the modern boundary of the Reservoir from 2023 overlaid onto a county map from 1854. It's anchored in a few places that appear on both maps. The dark line down the spine of the shape is the creek that was used to flood the valley. Everything within that shape is now under up to 50 feet of water. Property names from the 1854 survey map and their locations can be found inside the boundary. It's important to remember the shape of the Reservoir has changed many times over the last 130 years.

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Case Study:
Tomhannock Historical Restoration

Historical photo restoration is the process of digitally restoring and repairing old or damaged photographs to improve their overall appearance and preserve their historical significance. This process involves using various techniques and software tools to remove scratches, stains, dust, and other blemishes from the original photo, as well as adjusting color, contrast, and other elements to bring the image back to its original or intended state.

Historical photo restoration is important because it allows us to preserve and share images from the past, which can offer valuable insights into our cultural heritage, history, and personal memories. By restoring these images, we can help ensure that they remain accessible and meaningful for future generations. The public interest in this project has been high. While the history of the Reservoir has been documented, some of these images haven’t seen the light of day in decades. It’s important to restore these images and document the landscape before it was forever changed. 

Over the past 20 years, I have documented the many moods and seasons of the Tomhannock Reservoir in Pittstown, New York. I have come to know the landscape intimately. Having heard the stories of the “ghost farms” below the water, I have been researching the history of the land for the last 10 years. This ongoing project will culminate in a film titled “The Valley That Disappeared”, a project documenting the modern lore of the Reservoir.  

The Tomhannock Reservoir is a man-made reservoir located in Rensselaer County, New York, USA. It was constructed in the early 20th century by damming the Tomhannock Creek, a tributary of the Hudson River. The reservoir provides drinking water to the city of Troy, as well as several surrounding communities. The construction of the Reservoir required the flooding of some of the best farmlands in the area. The Tomhannock Flats was erased under 50 feet of dark water. I call it “the valley that disappeared”. My research has uncovered images of the farms that used to dot the Flats that haven’t been seen in decades. Using modern mapping technology, I have constructed a map that places the contours of the reservoir as it is today on the landscape of the late 1800s. Such techniques provide insight into the people whose land was taken by the waters. 

The reservoir has a surface area of approximately 1,700 acres and a capacity of over 7 billion gallons of water. The Tomhannock Reservoir plays an important role in the local ecosystem, providing a habitat for a variety of plant and animal species. The area is also significant for its historical and cultural significance, as it was once inhabited by Native American tribes and played a role in the American Revolution.

-John Bulmer, Nor’easter Films
March 2023

Below Zero Days and Empty Forests | 01.15.2022

There are benefits to the cold weather of January. Winter is one of my favorite subjects and on days when the temperature drops below zero, forests and empty and beautiful.

Happy New Year 2022!

As the sun comes up on the last day of 2021, I hope you all have a happy and HEALTHY 2022. Happy New Year!

Looking Back on 2021: John Bulmer Photography and Nor'easter Films

As a photographer and filmmaker, I strive to be as diverse and versatile as possible. It’s essential in an ever-changing market that is dependent on rapid changes in technology. In the end, it comes down to capturing compelling images with whatever camera you have. Here are a few of my favorites for 2021. Happy New Year and thanks for connecting with me this year. These last two years have been a trying time for all of us, it’s more essential than ever to step outside and take note of the beauty that exists in the world.

Earth Day 2021

The Earth is what we all have in common. And we need more commonalities these days. #EarthDay2021
Albany Pinebush Sunrise, Albany, New York

Winter is Beautiful

Low Winter Sun | Tomhannock